F 269 
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SOUTH CAROLINA 



A 
PRIMER 




ISSUED BY THE 



State Department of Agriculture, Commerce 
and Immigration 



19 4 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



A PRIMER 



An Article Prepared for the Encyclopedia 
Americana, by Maj. Hcirry Hammond, 
and published with permission of the 
editor of the Scientific Ameri- 
can, with notes 



ISSUED BY THE 

State Depcirtment of AgricuUure, Commerce 
and Immigration 

E. J. WATSON, Commissioner 



19 4 



f^.c 



Ml^ 



i-EB 24 1905 






Tlie figures on the page margins of this 
Pi'inier i-cfer to the numbered notes appear- 
mg on pages 27-30. 



SOUTH CAROLINA— A PRIMER 



South Carolina is in the South Atlantic 
division of the United States. It lies between 
latitude 32 degrees 4 minutes 30 seconds 
and 35 degrees 12 minutes N., and between 
longitude 1 degree 30 seconds and 6 degrees 
54 minutes W. (Wash.). Its area is 
33,393 square miles. The State of North 
Carolina bounds it on-^he north; the Savan- 
nah River, the eighth river in length in North 
America, on the west; the Atlantic coast on 
the south and east forms the base of an ir- 
regularly shaped triangle with its apex rest- 
ing on the Appalachian Mountains, 200 miles 
to the north. 

Rivers. — Three considerable river systems 
take their rise in these mountains, and make 
their way southwardly to the sea. The 
eastern watershed of the Savannah is narrow, 
as is also the western watershed of the 
Pedee. The intermediate space ocupying the 
larger portion of upper Carolina is crossed 
by seven rivers, the Saluda, Tyger, Reedy, 
Pacolet, Broad, Catawba, Wateree, with their 
numerous affluents uniting to form the Santee 
River. A line across the State from Augusta, 
Georgia, to Columbia, and thence to Cheraw 
in the east, is known as the "fall line." On 
crossing this line the streams pass from the 
crystalline rocks, the granites and slates of 
upper Carolina, into the softer strata of the 
tertiary marls of the low country. Above the 
"fall line" the average slope of the streams 
is five feet to the mile, and they are available 
for the development of water-powers to an 
extent estimated at one million horse-power. 
Below the fall eight other rivers, the North 
and the South Edisto, the Combahee, the 
Coosawhatchie, Black River, Cooper, Ashley, 
Waccamaw, are found with a fall of 1 to 1 1-2 
feet to the mile. The numerous creeks, how- 
ever, that feed these rivers, rising themselves 
in the elevations of the Sand Hills and Red 
Hills, have a much more rapid fall. Horse 
Creek, for instance, emptying into the Savan- 
nah below Augusta, furnishes in the length 
of ten miles power for the Vaucluse, Granite- 
ville, Langley, Aiken, and Clearwater fac- 
tories, without being fully utilized. The rivers 
are navigable to the "fall line" for steamboats 



of 100 to 200 tons and in all there Is from 700 to 
800 miles of navigation above tide water. 

Coast Region. — The coast region has an 
area of 1,700 square miles, of which 10 per 
cent, has been under tillage. The average ele- 
vation above sea-level is 10 to 15 feet, rarely 
25 to 30. South of the Santee River the main- 
land is bordered by numerous islands, formed 
from the detritus brought down by the rivers 
and banked up south of their outlets by the 
currents and waves of the sea. They are 
fringed between high and low tide by salt 
marshes and extensive beds of oysters pecu- 
liar to this latitude. The mean rise of the 
tide in the Savannah River is 6.9 feet, and 
diminishes eastward to 3.5 feet at the George- 
town entrance. The tides back the fresh 
water of the streams before them on the 
flood, 15 to 30 miles inland, and render tide- 
water irrigation of the rice fields practicable. 
The salt water rivers separating the islands 
from each other and from the mainland 
furnish navigable waters for a length of 400 
to 500 miles for steamboats, and might, with 
little work, be converted into a continuous 
inside passage from one boundary of the State 
to the other. Mills estimated that two or 
three short canals aggregating eight miles 
in length, through land barely above tide 
level, would effect this, and it has been pro- 
posed to continue such work beyond Savan- 
nah and across Florida to the Gulf, shorten- 
ing the trip to Panama and safeguarding the 
entrance to the American Mediterianean in 
case of war. It was stated in 1703 that Port 
Royal harbor had only 18 feet of water at low 
tide, and that of Charleston 13 feet; now that 
of Charleston has 28 to 32 feet and Port Royal 
28 to 30. This would seem to be more than 
should arise merely from the engineering 
work done, and may in part be due to a 
subsidence thought to be taking place along 
the Southern coast. The palmetto and the 
live oak characterize the growth of the region. 
It produces oranges of superior quality, and 
flgs in great abundance. It holds a monopoly 
in the production of the finest variety of long 
staple silk cotton. Carolina rice, the prin- 
pal rice crop of America, is grown here. The 
facilities for transportation and the subtropi- 
cal climate make the region a favorite one for 
truck gardeners. Formerly wealthy planters 
resided here in great opulence and comfort, 
but the region has been devastated in every 
war, by the Spaniards, the Indians, the 
pirates, by the British in the Revolution, and 



even In the War of 1812 the English burned 
the rice mills here. From all these disasters 
it in time recovered, but it has not yet recov- 
ered from its occupation by the armies during 
the Civil War. That occupation, however, 
greatly modified opinion as to the unhealth- 
fulness of the climate, for it was found that 
the troops sustained fair health while quar- 
tered here in summer. The mean annual tem- 
perature is 63 degrees to 65 degrees F. ; sum- 
mer mean, 74 degrees to 79 degrees; winter, 
54 degrees to 56 degrees; rainfall, 50 to 80 
inches. Flowing artesian wells are obtained 
at various depths; at Bluffton at less than 
100 feet, at Coosaw 500 feet, at Charleston 
1,960 feet. The formation belongs to the post- 
Pliocene and rests on the Ashley and Cooper 
Pliocene marls, which furnish the phosphate 
rock. The rural population does not exceed 
10 to 15 to the square mile, and negroes form 
SO per cent, of it. 

The Lower Pine Belt. — Imediately north of 
the coast region the Lower Pine Belt, with a 
width varying from 20 to 70 miles, crosses the 
State from east to west, covering an area of 
10,226 miles. These low level lands bear a 
strong resemblance to those of the coast. The 
uplands, the so-called "pine barrens," repre- • 
sent the sea islands, the numerous large 
fresh-water rivers replace the salt rivers and 
arms of the sea, and the swamps, covering 
over 2.000 square miles, recall the salt 
marshes. Eight large rivers, conveying all the 
rainfall of South Carolina, with a consider- 
able portion of that from North Carolina and 
Georgia, together with several smaller rivers 
and innumerable lesser streams, traverse the 
region. The maximum elevation, 134 feet, is 
reached at Branchville, on the South Carolina 
Railroad, making the fall to tide water in a 
direct line 2.8 feet per mile; in the extreme west 
the fall is greater, 5.8 feet per mile; in the 
Pedee section it is less than a foot to the mile. 
With proper engineering the fall is sufficient 
to drain the swamps and bring into cultiva- 
tion what are perhaps the most fertile lands 
in the State. Only about 13 per cent, is now in 
cultivation. The remainder is in turpentine 
farms, or in process of deforestation for 
yellow pine and cypress lumber. Outcrops 
of the cretaceous rocks are noted in the ex- 
treme southeastern corner of the State, and 
have been traced northward to Mars Bluff and 
Darlington C. H., where it passes under the 
buhrstone of the Eocene. Superimposed on 
these cretaceous marls are the Santee marls. 



They belong to the Eocene and are composed 
of corals and gigantic oyster shells. Just 
above tide water they pass under the Ashley 
and Cooper marls, composed of many-cham- 
bered shells (Foraminifera), sometimes of so 
fine and compact a structure as to fit them 
for building purposes. Fragments broken 
from these marls and rounded by wave action 
form the phosphate rock of commerce. These 
nodules contain 55 to 61 per cent, of phosphate 
of lime and have been quarried at the depth 
of one to six feet; they are also found on the 
bottom of the rivers, and on sea bottoms ex- 
tending from North Carolina to Florida. The 
remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, 
horse, cow, and hog are found mingled with 
them, though the Europeans met none of 
these animals on their arrival, nor were any 
of the Indians acquainted with them. These 
marls afford excellent structural limes, and 
material for the manufacture of artificial 
cement. Green sands containing 4 to 6 per 
cent, of potash in the form of glauconite also 
occur here. 

The Upper Pine Belt.— The Upper Pine 
Belt, or central cotton region, lies north of 
the Lower Pine Belt, and south of the Sand 
and Red Hill region. It covers 6,230 square 
miles, and 30 per cent, of it has been brought 
under cultivation. The population is 44 to 
the square mile. The elevation, 130 to 269 
feet. A sandy loam overlays the Santee 
(Eocene) marls. In the northern portion these 
marls have been petrified and converted into 
buhrstone. In the east there are outcrops of 
the cretaceous, and occasional islands of mio- 
cene marls. The long-leaf pine and varieties 
of oak, especially the water oak, sometimes 
shading the fourth of an acre with its foliage, 
give character to the growth. There are ex- 
tensive bodies of very fertile swamps on the 
rivers, subject, however, to occasional over- 
flow, and back swamps equally fertile but 
needing drainage. The largest recorded 
crop of corn ever grown on one acre was 
made here by Mr. Drake, of Marlboro 
County. The yield was 256 bushels of 
shelled corn. 

Sand and Red Hills.— A range of sand hills 
rises from the gentle slope of the Upper Pine 
Belt and attains an elevation of 500 to 826 
feet. It is interrupted by hills and elevated 
levels of red clay lands. Its northern bound- 
ary is the "fall line" of the rivers. It covers 
4,061 square miles; 29 per cent, is under culti- 
vation, and the population is about 32 to the 



square mile. No lime occurs here. The Eocene 
marls have been converted into buhrstone of 
excellent quality for mill rocks. The presence 
of land and marsh shells in these petrifactions 
indicates that the original formation was 
littoral. Some of these beds of buhrstone 
have a thickness of 40 feet. Beds of lignite 
occur in Aiken and Chesterfield, resting on 
clays suitable for crucibles, with other clays 
adapted for the manufacture of the finer 
qualities of ornamental tile. Extensive quar- 
ries of kaolin clay are worked here; works for 
the manufacture of porcelain ware from them 
have been sucesssfully operated, and many 
thousand tons are annually shipped to the 
paper manufactories. Fuller's earth is also 
found. A "cement gravel" has been much 
exploited for road material, being shipped by 
rail to distant points for that use. Roads 
covered a few inches with it become hard and 
withstand the weather and much travel. The 
long slopes of these hills face south, and the 
short slopes north. The latter are the most 
fertile. The climate is dry, owing to the 
porous sands, but it enjoys an abundant rain- 
fall and is well watered. Besides rivers, the 
large clear swift running creeks, not counting 
smaller streams and branches, aggregate 
1,100 miles in length. Their average fall is 
15 to 20 feet to the mile. 

Piedmont Region. — Above the "fall line" the 
rocks of the Piedmont country occur in the 
following order of superposition. On granite 
rests the gneiss, above them occur islands of 
greater or less extent of mica talc and clay 
slates, itacolumite and limestones, left from 
the denudation to which the region has been 
subjected for untold ages. The average ele- 
vation is 700 feet, rising from 545 at Winns- 
boro to 989 feet at Greenville. It covers 10,245 
square miles, of which 35 per cent, is under 
cultivation. 

The population is 54 to the square mile. 
Inexhaustible quantities of building granite 
of fine quality occur in Fairfield, Newberry, 
Kershaw, and other counties. Mica slate is 
found in Abbeville and Anderson. The pecu- 
liar soils known as the "'flatwoods" of Ab- 
beville, and the "meadow lands" of Union, 
and also the "blackjack flats" of Chester and 
York, are due to the weathering of extensive 
trap dikes in those localities. Lieber writes 
in 1859, "above this line (the 'fall line') most 
streams have some gold in their sands." 
Thirty-one gold mines have been opened in 
the talc slates of Chesterfield, Lancaster, 



Abbeville, and Edgefield Counties; the Dorn 
mine (now McCormiclc), in the last named 
county, having yielded $1,100,000. There are 
19 gold mines in the mica slates of Spartan- 
burg, Union, and York Counties; eight other 
chiefly gravel deposits, in Greenville and 
Pickens Counties. Argentiferous galena and 
copper are found in these mines, bismuth in 
quantity at Brewer mine in Chesterfield 
County; iron in magnetic and specular ores 
in large quantity at Kings Mountain and else- 
where in Spartanburg and Union counties; 
limestone in York, Pickens, Spartanburg, 
and Laurens; in the latter county there are 
quarries of marble; feldspar in Pickens, Ab- 
beville, Anderson and Laurens; barytes on 
the Air Line Railroad in York; manganese 
in abundance and purity at the Dorn mine, 
and in Abbeville, York, and Pickens; asbestos 
in Spartanburg, Laurens, York, Anderson, 
and Pickens; spinel rubies in Pickens; tour- 
maline in York, Edgefield, and Laurens; beryl 
in Edgefield and Laurens; corundum in 
Laurens; zircons in Abbeville and Anderson; 
one diamond has been taken from the itaco- 
lumite in Spartanburg. Recently tin ore in 
workable quantities has been found, and ship- 
ment of it has been made to England to be 
tested as to its value. 

Alpine Region. — The Alpine Region occupies 
the extreme northwestern corner of Carolina. 
It has an average elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 
feet; Kings Mountain is 1,692 feet; Paris 
Mountain, 2,054 feet; Caesars Head, 3,118 feet; 
and Mount Pinnacle, 3,426 feet. The moun- 
tains here often rise suddenly to their greatest 
height. The southeastern front of Kings 
Mountain is 500 feet in perpendicular height. 
Table Rock is 800 feet vertically above its 
southeastern terrace. The northwestern 
slopes descend gradually toward the Blue 
Ridge Mountains. There would seem to have 
been in ages past some great fault or land slip 
here, producing the long southeastern incline 
running down to the sea, and continuing 
under its waters for 100 miles to the Gulf 
Stream, where the 100-fathom depth suddenly 
sinks to 1,500 fathoms. The region covers 
1,281 square miles, of which 18 per cent, is 
under cultivation. The population is about 
37 to the square mile. The rocks and min- 
erals correspond with those of the Pied- 
mont. Its distinguishing feature is its 
climate. The mean of the hottest week in 
1872, taken at 4:35 p. m., was 90 degrees F. 
The mean of the coldest week, taken at 7:35 

lo 



a. m., was 25 degrees P. Judged by the tem- 
perature of the spring waters taken in June, 
the mean annual temperature should be 55 
degrees to 58 degrees F. The rainfall is 
heavy, dewless nights are rare, and vegeta- 
tion luxuriant in consequence. Storms are of 
rare occurrence. Ramsey says: "There are no 
marks of trees blown down or struck with 
lightning, giving rise to the saying 'to pick 
one's teeth with a splinter from a tree struck 
by lightning will cure the toothache,' meaning 
such a splinter is not to be found." It has 
long been a summer health resort for the 
people of the "low-country." 

History. — The first settlement on the conti- 
nent of North America took place 27th May, 
1562, on the southeastern extremity of Paris 
Island, in Port Royal harbor. A colony of 
French Huguenots landed there, and built a 
fort, naming it, in honor of their King, 
Charles IX., Carolina (aboriginal name, 
Chicora). Their ships having returned to 
France, for reinforcements, a fire broke out, 
which destroyed their barracks and maga- 
zine. In this plight they constructed boats, 
with the assistance of the Indians, and 
went back to France. In 1665-69 Charles 
II., of England, claiming Carolina by 
reason of the discovery of North America by 
John Cabot, in 1497, when sailing under a 
patent from Henry VII., granted all that 
"tract of ground" in America between the 
thirty-sixth degree and thirty-first degree 
north latitude, and to the west as far as the 
South Seas (Pacific Ocean), to eight English 
noblemen as Lords Proprietors. The grant 
covered about 1,020,000 square miles or more 
than one-third the area of the present United 
States, a region since largely peopled from the 
South Carolina of today. The first colony 
sent out landed in 1670, as the French had, at 
Port Royal, but removed shortly after to the 
confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, 
where they founded the city of Charleston. 
The Proprietary Government was conducted 
under a royal charter and certain "Funda- 
mental Constitutions" drawn for that purpose 
by the famous metaphysician, John Locke. 
In order to avoid "erecting a too numerous 
democracy," Locke designed a territorial 
aristocracy of landgraves, caciques, and 
barons. The colonists, however, insisting 
upon the clause of the king's charter directing 
the Lords Proprietors to "govern according 
to their best discretion by and with the 
advice, assent, and approbation of the 

II 



Freemen of said territory, or their deputies or 
delegates," prevented from first to last 
this aristocracy from taking root in the 
colony. The Proprietary Government, with- 
out adaptability to the circumstances and 
necessities of the colony, promoted endless 
discussions and dissensions as to the interpre- 
tation of the charter and the "Constitutions." 
A succession of "heats and broils" during 
forty-nine years culminated in 1719. The Pro- 
prietors expressed their inability to aid the 
colonists, refused petitions addressed to them 
on important matters, and repealed acts of 
the Assembly laying taxes for the discharge 
of the public debt, and for the freedom of 
elections. The Assembly thereupon voted 
itself a convention, and unintimidated by the 
threat of the Proprietary Governor to bom- 
bard Charlestown from a British war vessel, 
elected James Moore Governor in the name 
of the King, and the Royal Government of 
the Province supplanted that of the Pro- 
prietors. 

Bancroft and Dana place the highest esti- 
mate of the aborigines south of the Great 
Lakes and east of the Mississippi River at 
180,000, or one person to 4 1-2 square miles, a 
territory now supporting a population of 
sixty-seven to the square mile, or 301 for one 
Indian. John Lawson, 1703, and Governor 
Glen, in 1743, agree in estimating the Indian 
population of Carolina at about one to eight 
square miles. They were generally friendly 
to the colonists except when incited to sud- 
den outbursts of hostility by the Spaniards, 
the French, or the British, and formed a more 
or less important contingent in war, as when 
James Moore, in 1702-03, invaded the Appa- 
lachian region with twenty-five whites and 
1,000 Indians and returned with 1,300 captives, 
who were sold into slavery to the northern 
colonies and the West Indies. 

Negro slaves were introduced from the Bar- 
badoes in 1671, and were counted to be 12,000 
in number at the close of the Proprietary 
rule in 1720. They were instructed in the 
Christian religion, and some of them taught 
to read. It was required of each white militia- 
man that he should train and arm a negro to 
accompany him in war. The white popula- 
tion had increased from 391 in 1671 to 9,000 
in 1720, living chiefly in proximity to Charles- 
town. While the Indians lived principally 
on game and fish, cultivating only two plants, 
corn and tobacco, both exotics, the white 
colony never suffered for subsistence. They 



got thirty to eighty bushels of corn from an 
acre, deer supplying meat; an Indian hunter 
would for $25 a year furnish a family with 
100 to 200 deer, besides wild turkeys, fish, etc. 
The culture of rice was introduced in 1693, and 
the export of this cereal in 1720 amounted in 
value to £3,350 sterling. The Proprietors 
refused in 1674 to send out cattle to the 
colonists, saying they wanted them to be 
"planters and not graziers," but seven years 
later they had so increased that many 
planters had 700 to 800 head. The Assembly 
had to appoint commissioners to dispose of 
unmarked animals, and passed a law for the 
inclosure of crops, which remained in force 
until 1882. 

As early as 1700 Charlestown had a large 
and lucrative trade with Indians in furs and 
hides, extending 1,000 miles into the interior, 
and a large export trade in forest products, 
timber, pitch, turpentine, and provisions to 
the northern colonies, and the West Indies. 
Religious freedom was secured, while the 
ministers of the Church of England were 
supported from the public funds. The various 
church members stood as follows: Episco- 
palians, 42 per cent.; Presbyterians and Hu- 
guenots, 45 per cent.; Baptists, 10 per cent.; 
Quakers, 3 per cent. A free public library 
was established in Charlestown in 1700, and 
a free school in 1710. In 1712 a digest of the 
English and colonial laws was prepared by 
Chief Justice Trott. In 1717 a successful war 
was waged against the pirates infesting Cape 
Fear, and a number of them captured and 
executed. A duty of £30 a head was laid on 
the importation of negroes. 

George I. and George II. were nursing fath- 
ers to Carolina. The Assembly was convened, 
all actions at law on account of the change of 
government were declared void, and the 
judicial proceedings under the provisional ad- 
ministration confirmed. Treaties were made 
with the Indians, who had hitherto stood as 
Independent neighbors and were now consti- 
tuted allies or subjects. Parishes were laid 
out, and whenever settled by 100 families, 
they were allowed representation in the 
Assembly. To relieve the burden on the 
country people of repairing for the trial of 
all causes to the General Court at Charles- 
town, county and precinct courts were estab- 
lished. Schools were established in each 
precinct and £25 levied by the justices to 
assist in the yearly support of the teachers, 
who were required to teach ten poor children 

13 



free of charge. Between 1733 and 1774, over 
200 tutors, schoolmasters, or schoolmistresses, 
were engaged in the province. The King, 
having bought out the Proprietors for £17,500, 
purchased also the quitrents due them by the 
colonists, and remitted them. Charlestown 
was the extreme southwestern outpost of the 
British in America. As late as 1741, when the 
Spanish possessions lay embosomed on the 
Gulf of Mexico, with Saint Augustine, the 
oldest fortified place in America, the French 
claimed all the territory lying west of a line 
starting from a point north of Charlestown, 
reaching the Appalachian Mountains, run- 
ning round the headwaters of the Potomac, 
across the Mohawk and Hudson, down Lake 
Champlain, and by the Sorrel River to the 
Saint Lawrence. With little aid from the 
mother country, the colonists had stood the 
advance guard against the warring Euro- 
peans and held them, the American savages, 
the African savages imposed upon them, and 
the pirates in check. The first settlers had 
confined themselves to the neighborhood of 
Charlestown. Now the settlement of Georgia, 
1732-34, protected the western frontier, and the 
interior of Carolina received many immi- 
grants, Germans, and after Culloden many 
Scotch came into the middle sections, and, 
on Braddock's defeat, refugees from Vir- 
ginia and Pennsylvania followed in the Pied- 
mont region. Land was granted free of 
charge for ten years, and after that the 
annual rental was four shillings sterling for 
100 acres. Great Britain imposed restrictions 
on the commerce and domestic manufactures 
of her colonies. While this was prejudicial 
to the more northern colonies, it did not affect 
an agricultural people like the Carolinians. 
The restraint imposed by the navigation acts 
on colonial exports was removed on the ex- 
port of Carolina rice. The exports of rice and 
indigo reached £108,750 in 1747. In 1775 the 
exports of these two commodities alone 
were valued at £1,000,000 sterling, a third of 
what the entire trade of the American colonies 
was estimated at in 1768. Between 1725 and 
1775 the population increased sevenfold. In 
1773 Josiah Quincy, writing from Charles- 
town, says of the city: "In grandeur, 
si^lendor of buildings, equipages, commerce, 
number of sliipping, and, indeed, in almost 
everything, it far surpasses all I ever saw or 
expected to see in America." With the most 
sincere and loyal attachment to Great Britain, 
the King, and his government, the Carolinians 

14 



sent their children to England and Scotland 
to be educated, and spoke of the mother 
country as "home." 

In the midst of this prosperity Carolina was 
led, step by step, during a period of eleven 
years, through sympathy with the northern 
colonies for injuries inflicted on them, to take 
part against the enforcement by Great 
Britain, of taxation without representation, 
not desiring or anticipating the separation 
from that country, which finally took place. 
On 28th June, 1776, while the Congress of the 
colonies were discussing the Declaration of 
Independence, Colonel Moultrie, from the 
Palmetto Fort on Sullivans Island, repulsed 
with heavy loss the English fleet, and turned 
back the expedition of Sir Henry Clinton for 
the invasion and svibjugation of the South. 
In the same year Carolina was the first colony 
to frame and adopt an independent constitu- 
tion, but with the proviso that this constitu- 
tion is but temporary "until an accommo- 
dation of the unhappy differences between 
Great Britain can be obtained." 

In 1778, John Rutledge, Governor of the 
State, declared "such an accommodation an 
event as desirable now as it ever was." The 
material injuries to Carolina by the Stamp 
Act, the duty on tea, and the other acts of 
the government of George III., were slight, 
as compared with the advantages she en- 
joyed under English rule, but she had en- 
listed in no lukewarm manner in the struggle 
on account of the principles of right and 
justice involved. It was not until after the 
fall of Charleston, in 1780, when the State lay 
prostrate, that the outrages of the British 
armies roused to resistance the population 
from the seaboard to the mountains. They 
then flocked to the standards of the partisan 
leaders, Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and others, 
and so harassed and delayed the northward 
movement of Cornwallis to join Clinton that 
Washington and Lafayette were enabled to 
unite in Virginia and force the British into 
Yorktown. There, blockaded by the French 
fleet under DeGrasse, they were compelled 
to surrender and the war virtually terminated 
in favor of the Americans. Carolina con- 
tributed $1,205,978 above her quota to this 
war — only a few thousands less than Massa- 
chusetts, whose war the Revolution was, and 
who never suffered from invasion — and more 
than all the other eleven colonies together. 
One hundred and thirty-seven engagements 
with the British took place within her borders, 

15 



In 103, Carolinians alone fought, in twenty 
others they had assistance, and fourteen, in- 
cluding Camden, were fought by troops from 
other colonies. "Left mainly to her own re- 
sources," says Bancroft, "it was through the 
depths of wretchedness that her sons were 
to bring her back to lier place in the re- 
public after suifering more, daring more, 
and achieving more than the men of any 
other State." 

The eight years of war were followed by 
eight years of distress and disorganization. 
The country had been laid waste, churches 
burned, and industries paralyzed. It was 
estimated that the British had kidnaped 
25,000 slaves and sold them. They plundered 
the planters' homes. Bancroft says they 
pillaged of plate alone to the value of 
£300,000. After the fall of Charleston there 
arose a fourteen-years dispute between the 
army and navy engaged in the siege as to 
their respective shares of the plunder. On 
9th August, 1787, Carolina ceded to the United 
States her lands (10,000 square miles) not 
lying within her present boundaries. On 17th 
September of the same year she ratified the 
Constitution of the United States. In 1790 the 
seat of government was removed from 
Charleston to Columbia, in the center of the 
State, and another Constitution substituted 
for that of 1776. An amendment in 1808 fixed 
the number of representatives at 124, allowing 
one representative for each sixty-second part 
of the white inhabitants, and one for each 
sixty-second part of the taxes raised by the 
Legislature. The Senate to be composed of 
one member from each election district, ex- 
cept Charleston, which was allowed two. 
This accentuated the differences already ex- 
isting between the peoples of the lower and 
the upper country. The former being the 
outgrowth of the city life of Charleston, and 
the first settlers, preponderated in wealth. 
The other, arising from numerous and 
separate centers of rural settlement, had the 
larger and more rapidly increasing number 
of white inhabitants. 

The first tariff act of 1789 imposed an ad 
valorem duty of 5 per cent, on imports (with 
a few specific duties of 15 per cent.) for the 
support of the Federal government. This was 
in addition to the taxes raised by each State 
for its own purposes. It was much higher 
taxation than under the colonial government, 
which required in ordinary times only a duty 
of 3 per cent, on imports, with an export 

l6 



duty of 3d. on hides. Four years later the 
tariff was raised to 10 and 20 per cent. Ten 
yea.rs after, duties were increased 2 1-2 per 
cent, in aid of the Mediterranean Fund against 
the Barbary Powers. Double war duties, 
amounting to 25 to 40 per cent., were impos-ed 
in 1812. In 1816 a tariff protecting the indus- 
tries that had been found necessary but de- 
ficient during the late war, fixed duties at 
25 per cent., to be reduced to 20 per cent, in 
1820. The Carolina representatives supported 
this not unreasonable protection. The re- 
duction never took place, and at this the 
Carolina representatives protested. Disre- 
garding their protest, a tariff imposing 12 to 
50 per cent, duties was passed in 1824. Again, 
in 1828, without regard to the complaints of 
the Carolina farmers, who were being forced 
to contribute to the manufacturing profits of 
other States, a tariff raising duties 25 to 50 per 
cent, was enacted. Wearied with unavailing 
remonstrance, a convention of the people of 
Carolina was called in 1832, which declared 
the protective tariff law unconstitutional, null 
and void. To meet this action of the State, 
Congress passed the Force Bill in 1833 for the 
collection of customs. In the same month of 
the same year Congress passed "the Clay 
Compromise Act" for a gi-adual reduction of 
duties until 1842, when they should reach a 
20 per cent, level. This restored tranquillity, 
although for the second time the promised 
reduction was never fully realized. 

Coincident with the tariff, another and more 
serious source of disturbance arose. In 1775 
slavery extended over North America from 
Canada to Florida, mclusive. It had been 
introduced by Queen Elizabeth, and James II. 
belonged to the Royal African Company for 
trading in negro slaves. Now it began to be 
looked upon with horror, as something 
strange and foreign to human instincts. The 
New England Anti-Slavery Society was 
formed in 1832. In less than four years more 
than 100,000 persons had joined Anti-Slavery 
societies in the Northern and Western States. 
They demanded of Congress that "all slaves 
should be instantly set free without compen- 
sation of the owners." They declared "we 
will give the Union for the abolition of 
slavery." The lesson was taught far and 
wide that the slaveholders of the South, "a 
few arrogant, domineering, self-constituted 
aristocracy," were — through the I'epresenta- 
tion allowed them "in proportion to the num- 
ber of their slaves" — ruling the work-people 

17 



of the North and denying their industries the 
protection due from the Federal Government. 
They declared that "the country must become 
all free or all slave." The non-slaveholding 
whites of the South were as violently opposed 
to the emancipation of the negroes as their 
brethren of the North were in favor of it. 
To them it meant industrial, political, and 
social equality with a people in their midst 
whom they deemed inferior to themselves. 
They did not ask for aid to their industries 
through Federal taxation and did not see why 
Northern manufacturers should. After years 

5 of angry discussion along these lines the 
crisis came — during a period of unprecented 
prosperity in Carolina — on the election by the 
Anti-Slavery party of a President, in 1860, by 
less than a third of the popular vote. It 
found the peoples North and South solidly 
arrayed against each other with fatal 
unanimity. The "irrepressible conflict" burst 
into war. The North took the offensive for 
Federal domination and patronage, and after 
1st January, 1863, for race equality, freedom 
and fraternity. They were sustained by the 
popular sentiment of the European masses. 
South Carolina and the South rose to a man — 
with no sympathy or support from without — • 
to resist invasion, in defense of State auton- 
omy and white supremacy. From an arms- 

Q bearing population of 55,046 in Carolina 44,000 
volunteered (most of them not identified with 
the slaveholding class) in defense of the do- 
mestic institutions of the State, its sover- 

i-j eignty and free trade. Ultimately 71,088 

' were mustered in. 

Poorly armed, poorly clad, poorly fed, 
practically without pay, for more than four 
years they maintained their cause, losing in 
battle and by diseases 15,638 of their number. 
The negroes, who, in earlier days, had been 
enticed away by promises from the Spaniards, 
and had sometimes sided with the Tories 
and the British, remained as a rule loyal to 
their masters in this war, served their 
families and tilled their fields while they were 

8 absent. The issue was decided by force of 
arms and numbers and was never submitted 
to legal adjudication. No indictments for 
treason, as is usual in rebellions, were made. 
An export duty was placed on cotton and 
import duties were increased by the National 
Government. For twelve years negro su- 

Q premacy was enforced in the State by the 
Federal army. When, on 10th April, 1877, the 
Federal guard filed out of the south door of 

i8 



the Capitol at Columbia, the negro govern- 
ment collapsed without a struggle. The white 
citizens quietly resumed the administration 
of affairs. President Eliot, of Harvard, in a 
speech before the Central Labor Union in 
Boston, February, 1904, on the world-wide 
conflict of labor and capital, sums up the 
result of this titanic struggle in these words: 
"How many t-iings my generation thought 
were decirtetl at Appomattox; but during the 
subsequent forty years it lias gradually ap- 
peared that hardly anything was settled 
there except the preservation of the unity of 
the national territory." For more than two 
centuries, under ten written constitutions, 
the State had been governed by a more than 
usually centralized democracy. Opposing a 
similar centralization of functions by the 
Federal Union, the collision dispersed these 
functions into smaller and smaller civil divi- 
sions; counties, townships, school districts. 
The latter, restricted to an area of nine to 
forty square miles, were endowed with the 
sovereign power to lay taxes and incur debt. 
A centrifiigal tendency marked, also, in sub- 
division of farms, and in the establishment 
of cross-road stores and village banks. 

Population. — After the Revolutionary War 
the population of South Carolina was esti- 
mated at 104,000 for representation in the 
Federal Congress. In 1790 the State ranked 
seventh; it rose to sixth in 1800-10-20. The 
decline in rank commencing at the latter 
date has been continuous, and in 1900 the 
State ranked twenty-fourth. In 1790 the 
density per square mile was 8.3; in 1900 it was 
44.4. The foreign-born population was only 
.4 per cent, of the whole in 1900; at that date 
the State had lost to other States 233,390 per- 
sons born in its limits, and had received from 
all the others 55,216, making a net loss from 
interstate migration of 178,076. The total 
population in 1900 was 1,340,316, of which 
552,436 were white and 782,224 negro. The 
white increase during the twelfth decade was 
20.7 per cent., that of the negro race 13.6 per 
cent., owing to greater migration of the latter. 
Negroes formed 45 per cent, of the population 
in 1730; reached their maximum, 60 per cent, 
in 1880; and were 57 per cent, in 1900. The 
town population was 8 per cent, in 1790, being 
above the average for the whole country, 
which was 3.3 per cent, at that date. In 1900 
the towns numbered 19.5 per cent., the popu- 
lation making a gain of 4 per cent, during the 
twelfth decade, being, however, far less than 

19 



the country at large, which stood at 47.1 per 
cent. The number of towns was 202 in 1900, 
against 124 in 1890; this does not include a 
number of unincorporated manufacturing 
villages of considerable size. Charleston 
ranked fourth among the cities of the United 
States in 1790; was seventh in 1840, and 
now stands sixty-eighth. The population 
under ten years of age is greater than in any 
of the States except Mississippi and Indian 
Territory. Of the voting age 44 per cent, are 
white and 57 per cent, negro; very few of the 
latter vote, being disqualiified by educational 
requirements. Of the militia age, 44 per cent, 
are whites and 56 per cent, negroes. The per 
cent, of the population over ten years of age 
engaged in gainful and reputable occupations 
has been as follows: 

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 

All occupations.. ..73 50 58 54 60 

Personal and pro- 
fessional — 14 16 14 15.6 

Manufactures — 5 5 7 10.3 

Trade and trans- 
portation — 3 3 5 5.1 

— 100 100 100 100 

Agriculture. — The settlers in Carolina soon 
ascertained that its soil and climate were 
suitable for all the plants of the Old World 
growing from the sub-tropical to the sub- 
Arctic regions, beside a most varied flora of 
its own. They found, also, extensive pastures 
supporting numerous herds of wild buffalo, 
elk and deer. The horses and cattle intro- 
duced by the Spaniards increased rapidly in 
numbers. It might have been thought that 
here were elements favorable for a diversi- 
fied husbandry. The colonists, however, dis- 
covered an agricultural monopoly and an 
export "money crop" in rice. It required 
capital for drainage and irrigation, and a 
thoroughly organized and i-eliable labor able 
to resist the malarial influences of the rice 
swamps. Negro slaves fulfilled these condi- 
tions. English merchants furnished the 
negroes and supplies on credit. The English 
parliament favored the exportation of rice, 
1 1 and it became a most profitable crop. When 
cotton was introduced in the eighteenth cen- 
tury, as it grew on healthy uplands, and did 
not require much capital, it was expected 
that the small white farmer would under- 
take its culture. The small farmers, how- 

20 



ever, did not, except as overseers, take to 
cotton planting until after the emancipation 
of the slaves. Owing to the subdivision of 
the farms, their number increasing rapidly 
from 33,171 in 1860 to 155,355 in 1900, the 
small farmer became much in evidence. 
Even then little cotton was grown by white 
labor exclusively. The small farmers of 
both races modeled themselves after the 
methods of an agriculture that had been suc- 
cessful for nearly two centuries. They con- 
fined their energies largely to one "money 
crop" for export. They worked at it with 
hired labor, on borrowed money, purchased 
instead of breeding work animals, bought 
a notable portion of their supplies, and 
largely of fertilizers. 










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The lien law, an invention of the recon- 
struction carpetbaggers, securing the collec- 
tion of advances made on growing crops, 
often even before they were planted, and the 
fence law requiring the inclosure of all 
live stock, leaving land under crops unin- 
closed, promoted existing tendencies in agri- 
culture. Removing the cost of fencing on 
land under crops led to a wide deforestation 
and careless cultivation. Per cent, of area by 
tenure is: Owners, 64 per cent.; cash tenants, 
22 per cent.; share tenants, 14 per cent. The 
percentage of value of the crops grown is as 
follows: Cotton, 50; grain, 15; animal prod- 
ucts, 13; vegetables, 5; hay, 3; tobacco, 2; 
rice, 2; forest products, 1; sundry, 9. 

Manufactures — Antedating the establish- 
ment of the Patent Office by more than a 
century, the colonial Assembly in 1691 passed 
an act "for rewarding ingenious and industri- 
ous persons to essay such machines as may 
conduce to the better propagation of the pro- 
duce of this State." In 1778, tide water 
power was for the first time utilized in mill- 
ing for cleaning rice. The machinery of these 
mills is the model on which this industry 
(performed before by hand) has since been 
conducted. A cotton factory was established 
in 1784 at Murrays Ferry, Williamsburg, and 
one at Stateburg a few years later. The first 
saw gin — patented by Ogden Holmes and 
serving as the type of all the short staple 
cotton gins of the South ever since — was 
erected in 1795 on Mill Creek, Fairfield County. 
J 2 Mills in the statistics of South Carolina, 1826, 
states that Mr. Waring operated a small cot- 
tonseed oil mill at Columbia and "expressed 
from cotton seed a very good oil." In 1903 
there are seventy-four cottonseed oil mills 
in the State. The value of the products is 
$10,330,000. In addition to this the improved 
gins operated at these mills have greatly 
cheapened the cost of ginning, which, together 
with high prices paid for seed, adds 1.22 cents 
per pound to the value of lint cotton. The 
oil is a good edible oil, and the by-products, 
meal and hulls, are the cheapest form of stock 
food and fertilizer. 



The leading figures for manufactures are: 



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The increase in the production of cotton 
goods in 1890-1900 was 203 per cent., a greater 
increase than that made in any other State. 
Owing to its abundant water-power, the low 
cost of living, and the accessibility of ma- 
terial, this increase places the State second 
in rank in this line of manufactures, Massa- 
chusetts alone surpassing it. Out of 146,225 
horse-power employed in manufactures, only 
35,019 horse-power water has up to this time 
been employed, leaving a large margin for 
future use. "The first extensive use of 
electrically transmitted power in cotton 
manufacturing in the United States was made 
at Columbia, where 1,340 horse-power was de- 
veloped, and the second at Pelzer with 3,000 
horse-power.' 

23 



Education. — The distinguished educator, 
Dr. J. L. M. Curry, said in 1881: "Taking man 
for man, negroes excluded, the South main- 
tained a larger number of colleges, with more 
professors and at a greater annual cost than 
was done by any other section of the Union." 
The character of those who have taught in 
Carolina entitles the State to share in this 
distinction. Here are a few of their names: 
Dr. Garden, vice-president of the Royal So- 
ciety; Thomas Cooper, friend of Burke, Pitt, 
Fox, Jefferson, and Calhoun; Francis Lieber, 
Membre de I'lnstitut; Louis Agassiz. It was 
to the higher education that old Carolina 
paid chief attention. There were colonial free 
schools, and free schools were also established 
by the Legislature in 1811. In 1828 there were 
840 of these schools, with 9,036 pupils. In 1860 
there were 724 schools, with 18,915 pupils and 
an expenditure of $127,529. The reconstruc- 
tion constitution of 1868 replaced the free 
schools by a system of public common schools. 
After a trial of eleven years, the finances 
were found to be in utter confusion. On the 
withdrawal of the Federal troops the white 
citizens restored order. A two-mill tax, after- 
ward raised to three mills, was imposed on 
all property for the support of the public 
schools, together with the poll tax, with the 
following results: 

1890. Per cent, of population of school 
age enrolled, white 48.4, negro 
32.2, of total 40.5, expenditure.. $460,260 

1903. Per cent, of population of school 
age enrolled, white 52, negro 
45.1, of total 51.4, expenditure.. 1,046,054 

1890. Per cent, of population of school 
age illiterate, white 17.9, negro 
64.1, of total 45.0. 

1903. Per cent, of population of school 
age illiterate, white 13.5, negro 
52.8, of total 35.9. 



24 



Institutions for higher education are ap- 
proximately as follows: 

WHITES. 







Teachers 


Students 


Revenue 


Colleges 




1 
o 


Male 
Female 




u 

o 


State .- 

Den'minat'l 
Private 


4 
14 
5 

23 


80 
78 
20 


31 
66 

28 


795 
822 
176 


456 

1343 

295 


$187,918 


$34,638 

144,190 

16,200 




178 


125 


1793 


2094 


$187,918 


$195,028 



NEGROES. 





Teachers 


Students 


Revenue 


Colleges 


a 


a 

£ 

o 




.2 
"3 
Q 

OJ 


CO 





State 

Den'minat'l 


1 
6 


13 
41 


9 
51 


360 
1189 


364 
1395 


$6,500 


$20,707 
71,640 




7 
















54 


60 


1549 


1759 


$6,500 


$92,347 



These figures do not include numerous 
private schools nor sums derived from dis- 
pensary profits, nor any extra tax imposed by 
individual school districts for the support of 
their schools. There are 205 districts collect- 
ing taxes of one to four mills for this purpose. 
They show, however, the expenditure by the 
State of $1,239,272 for the education in whole 
or in part of 290,688 of her citizens. The 
cotton mills have invested $86,164 in school- 
houses, and supplement the State school 
funds with $71,314 annually for the education 
of the children of the operatives, giving them 
a school term more than twice as long as 
that of the public common schools of the 
State. 



25 



Banks and Banking. — The following Is a 
statement of the number of banks established 
in South Carolina and their capital, as far 
as reported: 







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The banks share the tendency of the civil 
divisions, the towns, the farms, and the 
schools to become sm^aller and more numer- 
ous. Seventy-two of those above enumerated 
were established since 1900. 



26 



NOTES 



1. For a width of ten to thirty miles along 
the whole coast innumerable inlets, creeks, 
and passages, swept twice a day by the tide, 
afford full 5,000 miles of shore line for sloop 
and steamboat navigation. — Trenholm. 



2. Recently the development of truck farms 
and fisheries, including oysters, shrimp, and 
terrapin, with abundance of cheap labor, 
have occasioned a marked industrial recuper- 
ation along the coast. — See Centennial Edi- 
tion of the Charleston News and Courier. 



3. In 1748 600,000 deer skins, valued at $180,000 
in gold, were shipped from Charleston. 



4. Fourteen thousand negro slaves, owned 
and living in England, were freed in 1772. 



5. In 1860 South Carolina stood third among 
the States in the per capita wealth of her 
people. Connecticut stood first and Louisi- 
ana second. It had risen from $431 in 1850 
to $779 a head in 1860, against an average of 
$501 for all the States. Taxation, not na- 
tional, was $1.85 per capita, against an aver- 
age of $2.95 for the other States. The tariff 
had been reduced in 1857 below 20 per cent., 
which was lower than it had been since 1812. 
The repeal of the Missouri Compromise, the 
passage of the fugitive slave law, and the 
Dred Scott decision all tended to the security 
and welfare of the South. (See Senator 
Hammond's Barnwell speech, 20th October, 
1858.) 



6. In 1860 there were 26,701 slaveholders in 
South Carolina, less than 9 per cent, of the 
white population. Of these 60 per cent., be- 
longing chiefly to the mercantile and profes- 
sional classes, owned each only a few slaves. 

27 



They frequently freed their domestics, which 
accounts for the fact that the free negroes 
in the South increased 23 1-2 per cent, during 
the decade 1850-60, while at the North they 
increased only 13 per cent., in spite of the 
"Underground Railroad" and the active re- 
sistance to the enforcement of the law for 
the capture of fugitive slaves. 



7. The following figures as to the armies 
are now generally accepted: 

NORTHERN ARMY. 

Whites from the North 2,272,333 

Whites from the South 316,424 

Negroes 186,017 

Indians 3,530 

Total 2,778,304 

Southern army 600,000 

North's numerical superiority 2,178,304 

In the Northern army there were: 

Foreigners 494,900 

Negroes 186,017 

Total 680,917 

Total of Southern soldiers 600,000 

ARMIES AT THE WAR'S END. 

Aggregate Federal army. May 1, 1865.1,000,516 
Aggregate Confederate army. May 1, 

1865 133,433 

Federal prisoners in Confederate 

prisons 270,000 

Federals died in Confederate prisons.. 22,570 

(or a little over 8 per cent.) 
Confederate prisoners in Federal 

prisons 220,000 

Confederates died in Federal prisons.. 26,436 

(or 12 per cent.) 
despite the blockade making hospital sup- 
plies contraband of war. 



8. "The negro race, which was in slavery 
* * * a backward, kindly, pious, and indus- 
trially valuable race * * * between whom 
and the Southern people no natural hate and 
fear found place, struck no single blow for 
its own freedom." (Letter of Ex-Gov. D. H. 
Chamberlain to James Bryce, M. P., June, 

28 



1904.) "Not only has there been no approach 
to a race war, but the economic condition 
has steadily and swiftly bettered, until at the 
present time the district which thirty-flve 
years ago was the most impoverished ever 
occupied by an English people is perhaps the 
most prosperous of its fields." ("The Neigh- 
bor," by Prof. N. S. Shaler, of Harvard, 1904, 
page 333.) 



9. Wade "Hampton, general of cavalry in 
the War bf Secession, was the last leading 
representative of the old plantation slave- 
holder class; from the first days of recon- 
struction be favored negro education and 
suffrage, and on these issues he delivered 
the State in 1876 from the negro domination 
imposed on it by Federal arms. 



10. Even tariff protection continues to be an 
imminent issue, the so-called "arrogant, dom- 
ineering, self-constituted aristocracy" of the 
South in the last century being replaced by 
the trusts of overgrown northern capitalists, 
with this difference: the slaveholders worked 
as best they could with an ancient and uni- 
versal institution imposed on them against 
their protest, while the protected trusts 
themselves institute a servitude against the 
protest of those they impose it on. 



11. J. A. Hutton, of the Manchester Sta- 
tistical Society, argues that the world's con- 
sumption of cotton is increasing at the rate 
of 400,000 bales a year, while the world's pro- 
duction is only increasing at the rate of 
100,000 bales a year, which must steadily en- 
hance the profits of this culture, the undis- 
puted monopoly of the South. 



12. The Santee Canal Company was incor- 
porated in 1786; the canal was completed in 
1800, securing boat communication between 
Charleston and Granby, on the Congaree, two 
miles below Columbia. The Erie Canal Com- 
pany, incorporated in 1792, commenced work 
In 1815, and was completed in 1825. 

The company for the construction of the 
Charleston and Hamburg Railroad was 
chartered 1827; work was begun in January, 
1830; the trial trip of the locomotive was made 

29 



2d November, 1830; the road, 136 miles, was 
completed in 1833, being then the longest line 
in the world, and the first undertaken with 
the view of being operated by locomotive 
steam power (Railroad Problem by Adams). 
In 1902 there were 3,064 miles of railroad in the 
State. 

Gross earnings $11,785,584 

Operating cost 7,674,136 

Net earnings $4,111,448 



3<5 



LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 



014 418 320 4 t 



PRESSES OF 

THE tTATE COMPANY 

COLUMBK, S. C. 



